The Robotic Intelligent Camera enhances surveillance with advanced monitoring and robust defense capabilities for heightened security.
The Robotic Intelligent Camera enhances surveillance with advanced monitoring and robust defense capabilities for heightened security.
OCT, a non-contact method, is crucial for Non-Destructive Testing, ensuring thorough inspections without compromising material integrity.
Key Takeaways Understanding the optical characteristics of lenses—focal length, aperture, maximum aperture, depth of field, and lens quality—is essential for photographers to enhance image quality and optimize optical equipment functionality. Focal length determines perspective, aperture controls light intake, and depth of field adjusts focus, enabling precise adjustments for optimal image capture across diverse settings. Exploring the Essential Optical Characteristics of Lenses The characteristics of lenses can determine the quality of the photos taken and the operational capability of optical equipment in various industries. With the right combination of lenses and settings, you can get the best view of your subject. In this article, we will expound on what are the 4 major optical characteristics of lenses and their uses in different fields of study. Major Optical Characteristics of Lenses We are here to discuss in depth what are the elements of the lens and their implications in the images produced. 1. Focal Length The focal length is the distance between the optical center of the lens to the image sensor where the image will be created. It is expressed in millimeters (mm) which you can see indicated on camera lenses. Focal Length There are two categories of lenses: Prime Lenses and Zoom Lenses. 1.Prime Lenses – A prime lens has a fixed focal length. This means that each focal length is specially made for certain types of photography. You would have to switch lenses with different focal lengths when taking photos of food versus a photo of a building, for example. 2. Zoom Lenses – A zoom lens has a variable focal length, meaning you can adjust the lens elements to achieve various focal lengths. With a simple twist of the zoom optics, you can shorten or lengthen the focal point. This is how to calculate zoom on the lens: Focal length 50 = magnification Example: 400mm 50 = 8 times magnification or zoom The zoom lens design gives photographers more flexibility. It enables you to zoom in and enlarge a small subject or zoom out to capture a panoramic view in the frame. Because of its variable capability in composing shots, this type of lens can be used for any type of photography. Of course, such a flexible device comes at a higher cost. Depending on the type of view you want to see, you can choose from a wide range of focal lengths to better capture images. A short focal length gives you a wider angle of view. While a long focal length provides a narrower angle of view. Microscopic Lens (Short Focal Length) 2mm to 40mm Observing microscopic subjects Extreme Wide Angle Lens or Fish Eye Lens (Very Short Focal Length) Less than 16mm Capturing sports activities in first-person perspective Wide Angle Lens (Short Focal Length) 24mm to 35mm Panorama and landscape photography Macro Lens (Medium Focal Length) 40mm to 60mm (best focal length) Enlarging small subjects Standard Lens (Normal Focal Length) 35mm to 85mm Portrait and food photography Telephoto Lens (Long Focal Length) 85mm and above Sports and astrophotography 2. Aperture The diaphragm or the opening which allows light to pass through to the camera lens is called the aperture. The lens’ aperture determines how much light hits the imaging sensor. The more light goes in, the higher the exposure you get, which, in turn, will produce sharper images. This characteristic is shown as f-number or f-stop in photography. The lower the number, the bigger the aperture is. This means that an aperture of f/2 has a larger opening and will let in more light than an aperture of f/8. Cameras have adjustable aperture settings. The wider the aperture, the more light enters the lens. The more light there is, the brighter and more detailed your images will be. A bright and colorful register is perfect for industries that need detailed imaging. 3. Maximum Aperture The maximum aperture is simply limited to how wide an aperture can open. This is always included in the name of the lenses (i.e. EF 85mm F1.2L II USM) and is marked on the lens itself. A larger aperture is great for night photography and surveillance cameras. It allows as much light to pass through to the lens, producing sharper images even in poor lighting conditions. A wider aperture is more complex and is, therefore, more expensive than lenses with a narrower maximum aperture. 4. Depth of Field A camera’s aperture determines the depth of field in an image. This is characteristic of an image that shows the distance between an object in the foreground and the objects behind it. An image with a sharp object in front and a slightly blurry background gives us the impression that there is a distance between them. A wider aperture (smaller f-stop number) creates a more dramatic effect on the depth of field, sharpening the subject in focus while blurring out everything in the back. Having a small amount of focus in the frame is called a shallow depth of field. This is often used in portrait photography to put focus on the person and create some vibes with a soft background. A smaller aperture (larger f-stop number) creates less distance between the object in front and its background, creating an image with almost all elements in focus. This sharpness of objects throughout the frame is called a deep depth of field. This is perfect for when you want to capture every detail in the frame. Lenses Quality for Superior Image Results We elaborated on the major lens characteristics and their uses. So, to achieve visual acuity, you would have to choose the correct type of lens and tweak the lens settings just right. Keep in mind that a high-quality lens will always produce better images. Cheap lenses are often riddled with spherical aberration, which leads to refractive errors, thus producing images of poor quality. For maximum optical performance, always choose the best optical quality. Related Content
Come and meet us at the SPIE Optics + Photonics exhibition in San Diego from August 22-24, 2023! We invite you to come to Booth #711, where our team will be available to provide you with the most up-to-date information about our products and services. Let’s have a conversation about how we can contribute to the success of your upcoming projects. For additional details, click here.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) revolutionizes medical diagnostics with its precise 3D imaging and high spatial resolution capabilities.
Key Takeaways The fisheye lens, with variations such as full-frame and circular fisheye lenses, is explored in terms of lens features and applications in the content. Wide-angle lenses capture panoramic views with straight lines, suitable for diverse scenarios. Fisheye lenses offer a unique spherical perspective with barrel distortion, serving surveillance and creative purposes. Both lenses enhance images with wider views and detail, proving valuable in daily situations. Selecting Between Fisheye Lens and Wide-Angle Lens Both fisheye and wide-angle lenses are used in situations that need a wide field of vision. Either one provides an extensive visual angle. So, what distinguishes one from the other? And what is the best situation for each type of lens? If you need lenses that can provide you with a wider vision, then you’re on the right webpage. Read on to know more about the differences between wide-angle and fisheye lenses. Also, learn the various practical applications of the two lenses. Wide-Angle Lens What Is a Wide-Angle Lens? Also known as short lenses, wide-angle lenses have a smaller focal length. With a focal length of about 24 mm to 35 mm, it shows a larger angle of view than standard lenses. This is perfect for capturing wide panoramic views of the scenery. The view through a wide-angle lens gives you a wide background with sharp images of objects in the foreground. Some distortion may occur, giving a sense of distance between objects in the foreground and the background. Lens Features of Wide-Angle Lenses Straight lines – Wide-angle lenses frame panoramic scenes while keeping lines straight. With little to no distortion, the sweeping view of the landscape appears vast and majestic. Deep depth of field – Using wide-angle lenses emphasizes the distance or size of an object in the foreground in relation to the wide background. The objects nearby look large and clear, while objects further away appear smaller and a bit blurry. Less chromatic aberration – Wide-angle lenses experience little color distortion compared to fisheye lenses. It means clearer images without unwanted colors. Fisheye Lens What Is a Fisheye Lens? It falls under the special category of ultra-wide-angle lenses. It has a parabolic lens that protrudes in front with a focal length of about 6 mm to 16 mm. It gives a wide view with 180 degrees of vision, sometimes reaching up to 230 degrees. It also creates a barrel distortion in the frame, giving the image curved edges. This is because the lens mimics the curved eye of a fish, giving us a fisheye view of our surroundings. This type of lens provides us with a refreshing spherical perspective of the world. Now, there are two types of fisheye lenses: the full-frame fisheye lens and the circular fisheye lens. Full-frame Fisheye Lens: A full-frame fisheye lens produces images that fill the rectangular frame. It sports the signature distortion of a fisheye, bending the lines from the center to taper toward the edges. Circular Fisheye Lens: As the name suggests, a circular fisheye lens produces a circular image. The image inside the circle is often surrounded by a black square or slightly rectangular frame. Lens Features of Fisheye Lenses Closer focus – Fisheye lenses are great for capturing subjects that are very close. The curve of the lenses puts more focus on objects in front. The forefront object is sharp and colorful, with the sides curving to taper slightly. Small and lightweight – Fisheye lenses are smaller than standard lenses and weigh less, as well. It also comes with a smaller sensor size. This makes it more portable and easier to install in hidden cameras, body cams, and surveillance systems. Deep depth of field – Ultra wide-angle lenses, paired with a small aperture, produce sharp and clear images from the foreground to the background. This puts everything into focus, making it perfect for observing every object in the frame. Barrel distortion – The images show some optical distortion, having curved lines at the edges of the frame. While this type of distortion is a problem in cheap lenses, it is the main feature of fisheye lenses, highlighting their unique lens feature. It provides a dynamic view of the surroundings. When Are Wide-Angle Lenses Used? Wide-angle lenses are used to capture wide and sweeping views in a frame. The following are some applications of wide-angle lenses. Poor lighting conditions – The wide angle reduces the camera shake, making it perform well even in low-light scenarios. Surveillance – The ability to view large expanses is preferable for surveillance work. Clear images are captured by these lenses, getting much-needed details like faces and car registration numbers. Capturing large crowds – Large events with a lot of attendees are best seen through a wide-angle lens. It frames a large number of the crowd without distorting the image much. Landscape photography – These wide-angle lenses can encompass the vastness of landscapes and buildings in a single frame. It gives a larger-than-life feel to the viewer. Smartphones – The smartphones we use have built-in wide-angle lenses for the rear-facing camera. This lets us put more in the frame, even at close range. Quality lenses, like on the iPhone, produce clearer and better images. When Are Fisheye Lenses Used? Though fisheye lenses are considered specialty lenses, they have a lot of practical applications in real life. Here are some of the common uses of fisheye lenses. Door viewer – A door viewer, more commonly known as a peephole, employs fisheye lenses to give the person a larger field of vision even through a small hole. The ultra-wide lens lets the person inside the door look at who is in front and also inspect the surroundings outside for possible danger. Surveillance cameras – Security cameras often use fisheye lenses to get a wider view of the frame. This lets one camera cover larger areas reducing the number of cameras needed to watch every space. Sporting activities – Extreme sports such as downhill mountain biking, parasailing, and skateboarding are some sporting events that benefit from a fisheye camera lens. Action cameras use fisheye
Key Takeaways Infrared camera lenses, crucial for thermal imaging, optimize performance based on focal length and the specific infrared lens wavelength range. Lenses are made from infrared-transparent materials like germanium, silicon, and zinc selenide, providing unique optical properties. Focal length is critical; longer lengths enhance long-range detection, while shorter lengths offer a wider field of view. InGaAs sensors represent a breakthrough, providing improved sensitivity and reduced noise for short-wave infrared (SWIR) applications. Meticulous design of infrared lenses and systems finds applications in defense, security, medicine, and industrial inspection. Wavelength Optimization in Infrared Lens Design Infrared lens design and assemblies are crucial in the development of advanced imaging and sensing technologies. These technologies have found widespread use in a variety of applications, including night vision, thermal imaging, and long-range surveillance. Design and assembly of infrared lenses The design and assembly of infrared lenses involve a range of optical systems that are optimized for different wavelength ranges. For instance, long-wave infrared (LWIR) cameras can detect thermal radiation in the 8-12 µm wavelength range, while mid-wave infrared (MWIR) cameras can detect radiation in the 3-5 µm range. Short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging operates in the 0.9-1.7 µm range. Camera Core and Thermal Imaging Sensors The key component of any infrared imaging system is the camera core, which contains the imaging sensor and lens assembly. In many cases, uncooled thermal imaging sensors, such as those based on microbolometer technology, are used in the camera core. These sensors can detect thermal radiation without requiring cooling, which makes them ideal for use in portable and low-power systems. The lens assembly used in an infrared camera is typically made from materials that are transparent to infrared radiation, such as germanium, silicon, and zinc selenide. These materials have unique optical properties that make them suitable for use in infrared optics, including high refractive indices, low dispersion, and good transmission in the infrared wavelength range. Focal Length Impact on Infrared Camera Lens Performance The focal length of an infrared lens assembly is critical to the overall performance of the camera. A longer focal length can improve the long-range detection capabilities of the camera, while a shorter focal length can provide a wider field of view. In addition to the lens assembly, infrared cameras may also include other optical components, such as filters and mirrors, that are used to control the spectral response and improve the overall performance of the camera. One important development in the field of infrared imaging is the use of InGaAs sensors for SWIR imaging. These sensors offer improved sensitivity and lower noise compared to traditional SWIR sensors, which makes them ideal for use in applications such as spectroscopy and industrial inspection. Overall, the design and assembly of infrared lenses and optical systems are critical to the performance and capabilities of infrared imaging technologies. By optimizing the design of these systems, researchers and engineers can develop advanced imaging and sensing technologies that have a wide range of applications in fields such as defense, security, and medicine. Related Content
Objective lenses, essential in optical instruments, require aberration correction to optimize performance and influence field of view.
Key Takeaways Beam splitters, essential for applications such as teleprompters and holograms, have different types that play a vital role in splitting light beams, while beam splitter coatings enhance optical surface properties, minimizing power loss and prolonging equipment lifespan. Common types include cube and plate beam splitters, polarized and non-polarized variants, and dichroic beam splitters. Their diverse applications underscore their significance in advancing technology. Exploring the Significance, Function, and Types of Beam Splitters A beam splitter is applied in various fields, from teleprompters to robotics. Without it, a lot of technology you know would not function. So, how does a beam splitter work? What are its types and applications? This article will cover what a beam splitter is, where it is applied, and the various types that exist. Beam splitter What is Beam Splitter? A beam splitter is any device that can guide light in two separate directions. The majority of these devices are constructed using glass cubes. Half of the light beam, when shone at the cube, passes through the glass, while the other half is reflected. They have been used in physics investigations to measure things like the speed of light. In real-world applications, they can be found in fiber optic telecommunications. This means that your high-speed internet connection might not function efficiently without them. They are also utilized in optical devices such as microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and binoculars. Major Examples of the Usefulness of Beam Splitters Teleprompters Beam splitters are used in teleprompters, and these devices are an essential part of media. They help performers, politicians, YouTubers, and others read out scripts without losing eye contact. This is especially important for those who struggle to remember their lines. With a teleprompter in play, the individual can focus on body language and delivery, which allows them to appear more confident and calm. The most vital part of a teleprompter is a piece of beam splitter glass. Putting a black shroud behind the glass makes it easier to read the writing. Also, you can show the writing on a tablet, phone, or laptop. Holograms Holograms and similar illusions are done using beam splitters. The light beam from the object bounces off the beam splitter, and the reference beam goes through it. To make a hologram, you must first use a beam splitter to separate the light from an object. For the picture in the mirror to stand out, you need a black background. Interferometry One of the most crucial applications of beam splitters is interferometry. A single beam is split in half, and one of the halves bounces off a surface. You may determine how far away something is by adding the light that returned to the initial beam, which helps to determine distance by generating interference patterns. Other Uses You can use beam splitters in several other fields, such as engineering, robotics, science, security cameras, smart mirrors, fiber optic, filmmaking, laser systems, and more. Beam Splitter Coatings Beam splitter coatings are applied to optical surfaces to enhance light reflection, transmission, and polarization. Without coatings, some of the light that enters through the glass is lost, making the system less efficient. Metals and oxides are frequently employed to create thin films. You can find various beam splitter coatings composed of numerous materials and thicknesses used to provide the ideal balance of reflection and refraction. A good coating produces superior results and hides stains and scratches. If the beam splitters have a metallic coating, some of the light’s power will be lost during the reflecting process. On the other hand, If the beam splitters have a dielectric coating, the output power would be nearly equal to the input power. These films not only improve the performance of beam splitters but also safeguard the optical equipment’s surfaces. This will extend the lifespan of your beam splitter and all of its components. Common Types of Beam Splitters A Cube Beam Splitter A cube beam splitter is made by putting two triangle-shaped glass prisms on top of each other and gluing or resining them together. In the 1800s, natural Canada balsam resin was the most popular glue. Today, epoxies and urethane resins made from chemicals are used more often. The prisms can also be put together with a technique called optical contact bonding. This is a precise method that requires both surfaces to be clean. The manufacturer can change the resin layer thickness to change the ratio of power splitting for a certain wavelength. You can also add thin metal or dielectric coatings to split the beam based on its polarization or wavelength. A Plate Beam Splitter Plate beam splitters (dielectric mirrors) are thin pieces of optical glass with different coatings on each side. Most plates have an AR coating on the side that doesn’t face the light source to reduce Fresnel reflections. On the other hand, the side that faces the light source has an aluminum coating to act as a mirror. At a 45° angle of incidence, the mirror coating is put on plate beam splitters so that half of the light is reflected and the other half is let through. This is the classic 50/50 beam splitter and is the most common type of beam splitter. Plate beam splitters can also be made from IR materials like Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) and Potassium Bromide (KBr). KBr with a Germanium coating can be used for wavelengths up to 25μm, and CaF2 can be used for wavelengths up to 8μm. The IR beam splitter is usually made as a plate and is meant to work as a device that transmits and reflects light in equal amounts. Most of the time, beam splitter coatings are put on the front, and AR coatings, like many other common plate designs, are put on the back. Non-Polarized Beam Splitters and How They Work Non-polarizing beam splitters divide light into an R/T ratio without changing its polarization. In a 50/50 non-polarizing beam splitter, the P and S polarization states that are sent out and the P and
Key Takeaways Optical systems designed with meticulous attention to field of view parameters. Analysis tools utilized to ensure optimal field of view performance. Optimization techniques employed to meet specified field of view requirements effectively. Maximizing Optical System Performance with Zemax At Avantier, we use Zemax for designing, analyzing, and optimizing optical systems, such as lenses, objectives, cameras, and other optical devices. For optical system design, Zemax helps to construct a virtual optical system by defining optical specifications, such as surface curvatures, thickness, refractive indices, etc. For ray tracing, Zemax simulates the propagation of light rays through the optical system and helps evaluate the imaging performance of the system. For analysis, Zemax offers various analysis tools to evaluate, such as can calculate parameters like wavefront errors, MTF, etc. For optimization, Zemax has the capabilities to improve performance, such as Zemax can automatically adjust the variables (like lens positions, and curvatures) to find the optimal configuration that meets the desired criteria after specifying optimization goals. For tolerancing, Zemax allows performing tolerance analysis to assess the impact of manufacturing and alignment errors on system performance. Optical System RMS vs Field of view Challenges and Strategies in Optical System Design and Manufacturing Optical technology has become ubiquitous in modern applications, ranging from cameras and telescopes to medical devices and automotive sensors. Nevertheless, crafting these systems poses significant challenges for engineers, notably in rectifying optical flaws and meeting precise specifications. Correcting optical aberrations stands out as a formidable task in the realm of optical engineering. These aberrations, which cause image distortion or blurring, stem from factors like lens curvature, material properties, and refractive indices. Overcoming such imperfections demands a profound grasp of optics, sophisticated mathematical models, and advanced manufacturing methodologies. Addressing optical aberrations involves leveraging both geometrical optics and ray tracing techniques. While geometrical optics simplifies light behavior modeling within optical setups, ray tracing delves deeper, considering material refractive indices. The design journey to rectify optical aberrations entails meticulous steps. Engineers first establish imaging quality requisites, encompassing parameters such as focal length and field of view. They then utilize optical design software to generate initial designs, employing aberration theory to forecast expected flaws. Refinement of these designs hinges on a merit function—a mathematical tool assessing the variance between desired and actual imaging quality. Engineers iteratively adjust parameters until the system meets the predefined specifications. Attaining stringent tolerances represents another formidable aspect of optical engineering. These systems must adhere strictly to accuracy, precision, and repeatability criteria. Achieving such exactness necessitates specialized equipment and expertise across precision engineering, machining, and metrology domains. The optical manufacturing supply chain, intricate and global, spans multiple nations. Raw materials, including glass, plastics, and metals, are sourced globally. Manufacturing entails diverse processes like lens grinding, polishing, and surface coating with anti-reflective materials, culminating in optical system assembly. Future Trends and Innovations in Optical System Design and Manufacturing In conclusion, designing and manufacturing optical systems is a complex and challenging process. Correcting optical aberrations and achieving tight tolerances require a deep understanding of optics, advanced mathematical models, and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. As demand for optical systems continues to grow on a large scale, the supply chain and manufacturing industry will continue to evolve and improve to meet the demands of the market. RELATED CONTENT: